How Will You Define Eastern Orthodox Church?
How Will You Define Eastern Orthodox Church? The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, the Christian Church in the East, became divided from the Roman Church when the Roman Empire itself was divided, with its eastern capital at Constantinople. During the Middle Ages it developed separately from the Roman Church.
There were disagreements over basic beliefs such as the origin of the Holy Spirit and the authority of the pope, and there was a complete break in the 11th century. Eastern Orthodox Christianity extended into North Africa and Eastern Europe and was adopted by Russia, the main source of its strength in modern times.
The Eastern Orthodox Church shared communion with the Roman Catholic Church in the state church of Rome until the East–West Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the Pope. Before the Council of Ephesus in AD 431 the Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did the Oriental Orthodox Churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, all separating primarily over differences in Christology.
The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members, comprising 80% of all Orthodox Christians. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops in local synods. Roughly half of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Russia.
The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the bishop of Rome, but the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is recognised by all as primus inter pares (“first among equals”) of the bishops. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East.
Eastern Orthodox theology is based on the Nicene Creed. The church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, and that its bishops are the successors of Christ’s apostles. It maintains that it practices the original Christian faith, as passed down by Holy Tradition. Its patriarchates, reminiscent of the pentarchy, and autocephalous and autonomous churches reflect a variety of hierarchical organisation.
It recognises seven major sacraments, of which the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in synaxis. The church teaches that through consecration invoked by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the God-bearer, honoured in devotions.