When Was the Hydrofoil Invented?
When Was the Hydrofoil Invented? The hydrofoil, a boat supported clear of the water by underwater wings called hydrofoils, was invented by an Italian, Enrico Forlanini who began work on hydrofoils in 1898 and used a “ladder” foil system. Forlanini obtained patents in Britain and the United States for his ideas and designs. Between 1899 and 1901, British boat designer John Thornycroft worked on a series of models with a stepped hull and single bow foil.
In 1909 his company built the full scale 22-foot (6.7 m) long boat, Miranda III. Driven by a 60 hp (45 kW) engine, it rode on a bowfoil and flat stern. The subsequent Miranda IV was credited with a speed of 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph). A March 1906 Scientific American article by American hydrofoil pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils. Alexander Graham Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane a very significant achievement, and after reading the article began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. With his chief engineer Casey Baldwin, Bell began hydrofoil experiments in the summer of 1908.
Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models based on those designs, which led to the development of hydrofoil watercraft. During Bell’s world tour of 1910–1911, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in Italy, where they rode in his hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore.
Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Bell’s large laboratory at his Beinn Bhreagh estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia, they experimented with a number of designs, culminating in Bell’s HD-4. Using Renault engines, a top speed of 87 km/h (47 kn; 54 mph) was achieved, accelerating rapidly, taking waves without difficulty, steering well and showing good stability. Bell’s report to the United States Navy permitted him to obtain two 260 kW (350 hp) engines.
In 1918 a hydrofoil, powered by an aircraft engine, gained the world’s water speed record. On 9 September 1919 the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 114 km/h (62 kn; 71 mph), which stood for two decades. A full-scale replica of the HD-4 is viewable at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site museum in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.
In the early 1950s an English couple built the White Hawk, a jet-powered hydrofoil water craft, in an attempt to beat the absolute water speed record. However, in tests, White Hawk could barely top the record breaking speed of the 1919 HD-4. The designers had faced an engineering phenomenon that limits the top speed of even modern hydrofoils: cavitation disturbs the lift created by the foils as they move through the water at speed above 60 kn (110 km/h; 69 mph), bending the lifting foil.
A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that operates in water. They are similar in appearance and purpose to aerofoils used by aeroplanes. Boats that use hydrofoil technology are also simply termed hydrofoils. As a hydrofoil craft gains speed, the hydrofoils lift the boat’s hull out of the water, decreasing drag and allowing greater speeds.
The commercial hydrofoils now used in Europe are based on the work of German engineers who carried out research into the design of high-power, lightweight engines. In the early 1950’s hydrofoils were developed in the United States, Canada and Russia using high-powered gas turbines. They are used for both military and commercial purposes.
Since water is 775 times heavier than air, very small hydrofoil wings will support relatively heavy boats. But, since operating in water puts great loads on boats, the hulls are usually built of high-strength steel. The object in raising the hull of the hydrofoil from the water is to avoid the resistance caused by friction and drag. This means the power needed to drive the boat at high speeds is cut by half. Another result is that the hydrofoil travels smoothly in quite rough water, and is not slowed down.